How to Write a Research Proposal
Quick answer: A research proposal sets out what you plan to research and how. It typically includes a working title, background and rationale, a clear research question and objectives, a literature summary, your proposed methodology, a timeline, ethical considerations, and references. Its job is to convince your supervisor the project is focused, feasible and worthwhile.
What a proposal must do
A strong proposal answers three questions: what are you researching, why does it matter, and how will you do it? Supervisors and ethics panels assess feasibility and rigour, not just interest.
Standard sections
| Section | What to include |
|---|
| Title | Concise, specific working title |
| Background & rationale | Context and why the study matters |
| Research question & objectives | One focused question; measurable objectives |
| Literature summary | Key sources and the gap |
| Methodology | Design, sample, data collection, analysis |
| Ethics | Consent, confidentiality, risk |
| Timeline | Realistic schedule of milestones |
Make it feasible
The most common reason proposals are rejected is over-ambition. Scope your question so it can be answered with the time, access and resources you actually have.
Justify your methodology
Don’t just state your method — justify it. Explain why a qualitative, quantitative or mixed-methods design best answers your question, and how you’ll address validity and ethics.
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Frequently Asked Questions
How long is a research proposal?
Usually 1,000–3,000 words for taught programmes, longer for PhD applications. Follow your department’s specification.
What makes a proposal succeed?
A focused, feasible research question; a clear gap; a justified methodology; and a realistic timeline.
Do I need ethics approval at proposal stage?
You outline ethical considerations in the proposal; formal approval usually follows before data collection begins.
Can my research question change later?
Often, yes — it’s normal to refine it as your project develops, in agreement with your supervisor.
What’s the difference between aims and objectives?
Aims are the broad goals of the study; objectives are the specific, measurable steps you’ll take to achieve them.